Translating a Story 'Snake in the Grass' by R.K. Narayan to "ઘરનાં વાડામાં ''એરું"

Name:  Sumra Jitendra V.

Class: M.A. [English]

Semester: 04

Roll No. : 16

Year: 2012-13

Paper No. : 04

Paper Name: “Translation Studies”

Assignment Topic: “Translating a Story 'Snake in the Grass' by R.K. Narayan to "ઘરનાં વાડામાં ''એરું"

                                                  Submitted To,

                                                  Dr. Dilip Barad

                                                  Department Of English

                                                  M.K.Bhavnagar 

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જો ભાવ નક્કી કરવામાં ટકડી ચડાવી. બીજા તો મોઢું મચડીને જોતા ર'યા.. તીકડે ઓલો કોલેજિયન છોરો માલીપા પડ્યો; મેં અમેરિકન છાપા વાંચેલું કે 30,000 જેટલા માણસો સાપનાં ડંખથી મ્રુત્યુ પામે છે." આવા ભયમાં બાએ હાથ માર્યો અને દાસાને બોલાવ્યો. ઓલા છોકરએ તો માંડીને વાત કરી અને આંકડાઓ સમજાવ્યા. 'જો જાણી લીધું, 83 એક દિવસમાં એનો અર્થ એ થયો કે દરેક વીસ મીનીટમાં કોઈ સાપનાં કરડવાથી મરે છે. બાની તો આ સાંભળી બાંગ ફાટી ગઈ. ફળિયું તો આખું માથે લીધું. સોકરા તો એક વાહડા જેવો મોટો ડાંડો લાયા ને દાસનાં હાથને ઠોહો માર્યો.

એણે તો હાથમાં લીધો ને પરાણે હવામાં ઊલાળ્યો. કોઈકે એની તરફ અવાજ કર્યો, 'જો હવે કેવો આનાકાની કરતો બહાના કાઢે સે.' તેઓએ ધોતીઓ ઊંચી કરીને ચાકુને ધારિયા કાઈ'ઢા અને ફળિયાનાં ખડ્ને કાતરવા મંડી પડ્યાં. ખડ, જાડી-જાખરા, ને ઘાસને તો વેતરી નાઈ'ખુ. કપાતુ નો'તુ એય વેતરી નાઈ'ખુ. અંદરની દીવાલો તો ચોખ્ખી કરી નાખી, ટકાટક. કાઈ નો'તુ ર'યુ ત્યારે દાસ છતી ફુલાવતો જુમી ઉઠ્યો. "ક્યા સે એરું કો?"

એક ઘરડો ભીખારી દરવાજે બુમો પાડતો'તો. જ્યારે તેઓ સાપ હારે વળ ખાય ત્યારે તેઓએ તેને આવા ટાણે માંગણી કરવાની ના પાડી. અરે આતો ભગવાન સુભ્રમનીયન, તને મળવા આયા સ. "સાપને ને નો મરતાં." બાએ તો હા પાડતા માથ્ય ધુણાવ્યુ. "તારી વાત હાશી સે. મને તો અભિશેકની માનતા માની સે. હારુ. યાદ આવી ગ્યું." તેણે એક રૂપિયાનો સીક્કો માગણને આપ્યો. તેણે મદારીને બોલાવી લાવવા કીધું. એ ગ્યો ત્યારે જ એક માણસ દરવાજે કળાયો અને કીધું કે એ મદારી છે.' તમે સાપને કેમ કરતા પકડો સો?" 'આવી જ રીતે લ્યો' એ બોલ્યો. જમીન પર ખતરનાક સાપ પર જાપાટો મારતા.' તેઓએ એણે આમતેમ નજર કરી અને બોલ્યો, 'જો તમે મને કાળોતરો બતાવો તો ઈશી ઘડીએ પકડી પાડુ. નકર હુ શું કરું'. એણે એનુ નામ કીધુ ને ઠેકાણુ, ઈ તો ગ્યો.

બપોર પછી પાંચ વાગ્યે, તેઓએ બધા ડંડીકા નીચે મુકી દીધા અને આગળનાં ફળિયાની નરકોળિમા બધા પથરા ઊંચા-નીચા કરી નાખ્યા અને ઘાસ તો હાવ બોથરાવી નાઈ'ખું. જેથી કરીને જીણામાં જીણુ જીવડું બાર આવી જાય. તેઓ મોટેથી વાતુ કરતાં-કરતાં બધી વસ્તુઓ જોતા જોતા, જે તેને ભવિષ્યમાં જીવ-જંતુ આગળ રક્ષણ આપે. ત્યારે દાસ દેખાયો, હાથમાં માટલુ લઈને, ઉપર પથ્થરની ટાઈલ મુકેલું.

એણે માટલું નીચે મુક્યું અને કીધું, 'જો પકડી પા'ડો. મે એને માટલામાંથી ડોકાશ્યું કરતા જોયો.... હું જોઈ ગ્યો મને જોવે ઈ પેલા.' તેણે માડીને વત કરી. એનાં પલાનની. કેવી રીતે તેણે તેને પુરી દીધો અને પેક કરી દીધો ઈમ. એ થોડો આઘો ઊભો ર'યો અને માટલાને જોતો જ ર'યો. હવે તો દાસનાં મોઢા પર એક ચેમ્પિયન હોવાનો ઉમંગ આયી ગ્યો. 'હવે મને આળહુડો નો કે'તા.' એ બોલ્યો. બાએ તો ઘડીક વારમાં વખાણ કરી નાખ્યાં અને થ્યુ કે માટલામાં થોડુ ક દૂધ મુકીએ તો ધાર્મિક રિવાજેય પુરો થઈ જાય. દાસે તો નજર માંડીને માટલું ઊપાડી લીધું અને કહ્યુંએ બાજુમા રેતા મદારીને આપીને આવશે. તે દીથી જાણે ઈ તો હઉની મોઢે રાજકુવરની જેમ વખાણે ચડી ગ્યો. તેઓએ તો એને ઈનામ આપવાનું નક્કી કરી લીધું.

પાંચ મીનીટ જ થઈ તી, દાસ ગ્યો ત્યારે જુવાન્યો મોટેથી બોલ્યો: 'અહી જુઓ.' ફળિયામાં બધાને ટોળે વળેલા જોઈ, પશી ફેણ કાઢતા, સાપ દરવાજા હેઠેથી દસડાઈને અને ગાયબ થઈ ગ્યો પેલી પાઇપ-લાઈનની બાજુમાથી. ત્યારે તેમનું મન ઠેકાણે પડ્યું. તેઓએ પુછ્યું, "હાસુકલ્યુ બે સાપ હતા?" કોલેજનો જુવાનિયો બબડ્યો, કદાચ મે જોખમ ખેડ્યુ હોત અને પેલુ પાણીનું માટલું દાસનાં હાથમાંથી પાડ્યું હોત તો કદાચ ખબર પડી ગઈ હોત કે એમાં શું હતું.

Boomerang of Gandhian thoughts: Study Of national movements in Kanthapura

Name:  Sumra Jitendra V.

Class: M.A. [English]

Semester: 03

Roll No. : 16

Year: 2012-13

Paper No. : 104

Paper Name: “Indian Writing in English”

Assignment Topic: “Boomerang of Gandhian thoughts: Study Of national movements in Kanthapura.”

                                                   Submitted To,

                                                   Dr. Dilip Barad

                                                   Department Of English

                                                   M.K.Bhavnagar
                                                   University

Introduction:-

          Literature is a medium of political and social awakening in a country and it is natural that suffering India’s struggle for freedom, literature played its own part. Most of the creative writing which influenced India’s national movements had taken into account the personality and achieve emends of Mahatma Gandhi who dominated the Indian political scene from 1916 till his death in 1948. The distinction of knthapura is that it depicts an early stage in Gandhi’s c career, when few people were able to recognize his greatness adequately. Kanthapura is, of course, not the first creative work which prefect’s gneiss life and ideals though it is perhaps one of the few which did so directly.

          The novel depicts the freedom movements led by Mahatma Gandhi as the main theme, it also aims at social reform, It is so because the Gandhian movement did not aim at swaraja only, but also at social reform, in fact, mahatma Gandhi believed that swaraja itself could be attained after certain social reforms and social awakening.

The Freedom Movement:-

In Kanthapura, we have more than a glimpse of the freedom movement in India. Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. In cities as well as villages they are volunteer groups which organize the people, distribute charkha s and yarn and even form an ambulance cores to take care of those who are wounded in the firing and Lathi charges on Satyagrahis. Moorthy is a typical example of the thousands of young men who were fired with patriotic zeal by Gandhi’s inspiration and who, wonder his programmed left, schools, colleges and universities, or resigned from their jobs, and made a bonfire of their costly imported clothes.

Rangamma and Ratna represent the women’s side of the movements, while Ranga Gowda and rachanna show how even the people of the lower castes picked up0 courage, or curbed their natural instinct for retaliation and accepted he voluntary restraint of non-violence.

The ideals of patriotism and national integration are depicted one of the honor character, advocate Sankar. He is a khadi-clad advocate who has been named the walking advocate because of his simple ways. British government in India, its laws and ways are also depicted vividly in the novel. The white man who owns the skeffinton coffee estate is a symbol of the imperialist rulers of India who exploited Indians in varies ways. They employed paid agents like Bhatta and the swami to oppose the freedom movement.

There are references to the atrocities committed by the authorities in other parts of India e.g. the massacre at Jaliawalla bag in Amritsar. The British policy of divided and rule is also seen in operation, for the loyal swami is given a gift of land, so that there is no chance of his joining the patriotic movement.

People of the lower castes are not admitted inside temples but must have Darshana of the god from outside though the pariahs do not seem to mind this much; there is a movement that the doors of the temples should be thrown open to all classes. One of the followers of Gandhi in karma's has already done that.

The political movement of swaraja is closely linked with religious reforms and social uplift in Kanthapura. A well known critic is therefore quite justified in his comment;

Kanthapura is no political novel anymore than is Gandhi’s movement a more than is Gandhi’s movement a more political movement. It pictures vividly truthfully untouchability the story of the resurgence of India under Gandhi’ leadership; its religious character, its economic and social concerns, its political ideals precisely n the way Gandhi tried to spirituality polices, the capacity for sacrifice of people in response to the call of one like Gandhi not the spectacular sacrifice of the few chosen ones who later became India’s rulers, bur the officially unchrnicled, little nameless, unremembered acts of courage and sacrifice of peasants and farm hands, students and lawyers, women and old men, thanks to whom Gandhi’s unique experiment gathered momentum and grew into a national movement.’

The advent of Gandhi first civil disobedience movement:-

It was the arrival of Gandhi from South Africa which infused a new life and vitality into the Indian struggle for independence. He had already acquired considerable experience in the use of non-violence non-co-operation s a political weapon, but it was in India that he perfected his technique and used it with such success. In the beginning, be co-operated with the British, and in this way sought to secure for India an honorable place in the British Commonwealth. During the war years 1914-1918, he made a forceful plead for extending all possible help to war some measure of autonomy would be granted to the Indian people. His moderate approach incensed the extremists but he did not care for it. But when the war was over, the thankless British government did not fulfill the promises it had made to the Indian leaders. Instead there came the notorious Rowlett act 1919. The result was that the mahatma gave the clarion call for civil disobedience; there was an upsurge of Indian nationalism and patriotism such as had never been witnessed before public meetings were organized fill over the country and leaders like B. Tilak, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Gopal Krishna Gohkale, etc. Greely voiced the demand for Swaraja or independence. In the beginning it was a demand for home rule under the patronage of the British, but it soon grew into a demand for complete also increased till have was enacted the tragedy of the Jaliawalla Bag, April 13, 1919, which sent a wave of horror throughout the country.

Suspension of the movement:-

As the Gandhian movement continued, there were signs of increasing violence. It all culminated in the unprecedented shocked, regarded it as a personal failure, and sounded the movement. This withdrawal of the movement, when national enthusiasm was at its height offended a large number of staunch patriots, including Jawaharlal Nehru. There was a temporary decline in Gandhi’s popularity and the extremist’s within the party gained ground. The demand for complete independence, instead of dominion status within the British Empire, as voiced by Nehru in his presidential address in 1929. “We stand for the fullest freedom of India. This congress has not acknowledged, and will not acknowledge, the right of the British parliament to dictate to us in any way”

Gandhi’s Stress on Social Reform:-

In the meanwhile Gandhi continued to prepare the nation for the prolonged struggle which lay ahead before independence could be gained. He aimed at the total involvement of all sections of the Indian people and so launched a comprehensive programmed of economic, social and religious uplift and emancipation of the Indian people. His programmed of action was fourfold

1. Spinning of the charkha, weaving of one’s own cloth and boycott of foreign cloth and other good. Swadeshi and khaddar were necessary for swaraja.

2. Eradication of untouchability, and other social evils like the purdah system, so that women and his so-called lower castes may play their part in the freedom struggle.

3. Village uplift, eradication of poverty, illiteracy, caustics etc, and

4. Hindu-Muslim unity.

         In the novel Moorthy places this very Gandhian programmed of action before the people of Kanthapura.

Conclusion:-

In short, Kanthapura is a great work of art presenting realistically, imperially and artistically the impact of the Gandhi movement on the masses of India. It is a great classic of the India’s freedom struggle; it gives us more essential truth about the Gandhian era than any official records of books of history.

Name:  Sumra Jitendra V.

Class: M.A. [English]

Semester: 03

Roll No. : 16

Year: 2012-13

Paper No. : 103

Paper Name: “ Literary Theory and Criticism ”

Assignment Topic: “ Theme And Subject Matter of Poetry.”

Themes and subject matter of poetry:

Wordsworth’s enormous legacy on a large number of poems written by him. But the themes that run through Wordsworth‘s poetry remained consistent throughout. Even the language and imagery he used embody those themes, remained remarkably consistent. Any subject between heaven and earth can be treated poetically and the similar idea is noted by Wordsworth in 1798,

“It is the honorable characteristic of poetry that its materials are to be found in every subject which can interest the human mind.”

Wordsworth states that subjects are poetic and unpoetic in themselves. A slight incident of village life may be material for poetry, if the poet can make it meaningful. Thus Wordsworth extends the scope of poetry, by bringing within its folds themes chosen from humble and common life. Wordsworth’s aim was to choose incidents and situations from common life, to relate them in a selection of language really used by men. The reason that he gave was that the rustic people were close to nature and hence free from artificiality and vanity.

Wordsworth argued that poetry should be written in the real language of common man, rather than in the lofty and elaborated dictions that were then considered “Poetic”. He believed that the first principle of poetry should be pleasure and so the chief duty of poetry is to provide pleasure through a rhythmic and beautiful expressing of feeling. All human sympathy, he asserted, is based on a subtle pleasure principle that is “the naked and native dignity of man”.

Wordsworth elaborated on this idea in the “Preface” to the 1800 and 1802 editions which outline his main ideas of a new theory of theory. Wordsworth explained his poetical concept.

 “The majority of the following poems are to be considered as experiments. They were written chiefly with a view to ascertain how far the language of conversation in the middle and lower classes of society is the purpose of poetic pleasure.”

Wordsworth’s Opinions about theme and subject matter of poetry:

[1]. Object [Subject matter of poetry]

The principle objects, and then proposed in these poems was to chose incidents and situations from common life. And to  relate  and describe  them, throughout, as far as  possible  in a  selection of  language  really  used by  men,  and  at the same time , to throw  over  them a certain  coloring  of imagination , whereby  ordinary  things  should  be  presented  to the mind  in an unusual   aspect,  and further  and above  all, to make  these situations  and incidents  interesting  by tracing  in them , truly  though  not  ostentation ally  the primary  laws of  our  nature: chiefly as  regards   the  manner in which we associate  ideas  in a state of excitement.

[2] Humble and rustic life [Subject matter of poetry]

 Humble and rustic life was generally chosen. because  in  that condition , that  essential   passions of the  heart find  a better  soil  in which  they  can  attain  maturity  ,  are  less  under restraint , and  speak  a plainer  and  more  emphatic  language ; because  in that  condition  may be rural  accurately  contemplated  and  more  forcibly  communicated ; because  the  manners  of  rural life  germinate  from  these  elementary  feelings , and  from  the  necessary  character  of  rural  occupations , are more  easily  comprehended   and  are ,ore  durable  and  lastly  because  in that  condition  the  passions   of  men are incorporated  with  the beautiful  and permanent  forms  of nature

[3]. Language [Style of poetry]

 The  language  too,  of these  men  has been  adopted  purified  indeed  from  what  appear  to be  its  real  defects , from  all lasting  and  rational  causes  o  dislike  and  disgust  and disgust  - because  such  men  communicate  with  the  best  objects  from  which  the best  part  of  language  is originally  derived  and  because  from  their  rank in society   and   the  sameness and  narrowed  circle  of  their  intercourse , being  less under the  influence  of social variety , that  convey  their  feelings  and  notions  in  simple  and  unelaborated  expression s.  Accordingly , such  a  language , arising  out  of the  repeated  experience  and  regular  feelings  is  a  more  permanent  and  a far  ,ore  philosophical  language  than  that   which  is a frequently  substituted   for  it by poets  who  think  that they  are conferring  honor  upon   themselves  and  their   art  on  proportion   as  they  separate  themselves  from  the  sympathies   of men ,  and  induce  in  arbitrary  and  capricious  habits  of  expression , in  order   to  furnish  food for  fickle  appetites , of their  own  creation.

Definition of poetry

Passion and Reflection Wordsworth propounded his views on poetry, its nature and functions and the qualification of a true poet in his Preface. So far as the nature of poetry is concerned, Wordsworth is of the opinion that “poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”

Poetry has its origin in the internal feelings of the poet. It is a matter of passion, mood and temperament. Poetry cannot be produced by strictly adhering to the rules laid down by the Classicists. It must flow out naturally and smoothly from the soul of the poet. But it must be noted that good poetry, according to Wordsworth, is never an immediate expression of such powerful emotions. A good poet must ponder over them long and deeply. In the words of Wordsworth, “poetry has its origin in emotions recollected in tranquility.”

Thus , Wordsworth’s  views  on poetical style  are the  most  revolutionaries  of all the idea  in his  preface,  He  discarded  he   gaudiness and  inane  phraseology  of many  modern writers.  He  insist  that  his  poems  are  written  in “selection of  language of  men  in a state  of vivid  sensation.’  His  views  of  poetic  diction  can  be  summed up as  : ‘ there neither  is  nor  can  be  any  essential  difference between  the  language  of  prose  and metrical  composition.’

Name:  Sumra Jitendra V.

Class: M.A. [English]

Semester: 03

Roll No. : 16

Year: 2012-13

Paper No. : 102

Paper Name: The Neo- Classical Literature

A Critique on Gulliver’s Travels 

Gulliver’s travels is all about Lemuel Gulliver’s various adventures in several unknown lands from where he comes out as complete common human being. These prime four lands like Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Laputa and houyhnhnmsin which swift has enunciated various human weakness and pride of the people, praised rational animals like horses and made a mordant irony yahoos. He has indicated almost all bad habits of the people.

Norman a Jeffers has written about Gulliver’s Travels

It is at once a delightful, fantastic story of adventures for children, a political satire, and a serious satire on human nature, on contemporary politics social institutions and on the manners and the morals’ of the age.

The book is written in travelogue. The narrator Gulliver himself becomes at reporter messenger and inter-mediator like person between readers and the book itself.

Our main concern about this novel is that gullivers travels are basically a satire on contemporary ssbasically a satire on contemporary leaders.

By this book Jonathan swift, the voyage to laputa and lagado is an allegorical satire directed mainly against philosophical and scientific pedantry.

He critic in initial voyage, like in brooding, giant people, in that voyage he critics that they all animals like human being old temple.

          Lilliput is also full of so many satires and ironies, characterization of the emperor of the land, flimnap the treasurer, queen are suitable paragms swift makes satire on intrigues and schemes against other political parties, human pride and pretension, evils of taboos in Lilliput are main target of satire.

The very interesting matter about the conflict between bi-ending and little ending high-heels and low-heels denotes the collision between two major parties in England. The quarrels twixt the Roman Catholic Church and the protestant Gulliver reduces the mistress of the emperor by extinguishing a fire in her apartment indicates queen ann.’s annoyance with swift for having written a tale of a tub. First two lands in which bidgets and giants are living, suggest that there are the people who are so much narrow-minded as well as frankly that always lead him towards great annihilation. Their lifestyle way of speaking, cloths. Daily affairs and so many others things are deeply allegorized. Even he also ironically remarked of all most all professionals and second class work like bagging, farming, etc. according to upper class people

Each and every place, things costumes, communication, expressions and feelings of four voyages are very much satiric. We find that swift might taken out from real life and put them in his novel.

          One can say that Gulliver’s travel is not simple one out a very lampoon satire on boasted people and pungent satire on hypocrite, is conveyed by Gulliver he is mouthpiece of the novelist the readers feel that Gulliver himself is swift himself who shoots the words towards the people of all four and secondary voyages of the world by making than ridiculous and trivial for example the hideous behavior of yahoos, their sudden attack on Gulliver, their style of eating animal flesh shows that swift is totally again of human nature that indicates he is a misanthropist.

          The sycophancy of the politicians in their efforts to win king side by the king of Lilliput is more pin pointed.

The academy of projectors in lagado is a satire on the kind of useless word which was being done by the royal society in those days. The human longing for immortality is ironically represented.

Such a great satirical remark on Gulliver’s shows that swift himself ironically demerits England have also little in their ideas, thought and ambition.

To satirize and criticize whole human society swift has made people somewhere six inches of height, somewhere like gigantic figures, somewhere more moral and benevolent people and at last in forth voyage more lecherous and treacherous mentality of yahoos.

Swift wrote Gulliver’s travel’s at a time when Europe was the world’s dominant power, and when England despite its small size, was rising in power on the basis of its formidable fleet. England’s growing military and economic power brought it into contact with a wide variety of new animal’s plants, places, and things but the most significant change wrought by European expansion was the encounter with previously unknown people like the inhabitants of the Americas with radically different modes of existence.

Swift plays with language in a way that aging poles fun of humanity’s belief in its own importance when the Lilliputians draw up an inventory of Gulliver’s obsessions. The whole endeavor is treated as it was a serious matter of state. The contrast triviality of the possessions that are being inventories. Serves as a mockery of people who take themselves too seriously, similarly to articles that Gulliver’s is forced to sign in offer to gain his freedom are couched in formal.

          Swift implies that the difference between protestants and Catholics, between Whigs and Tories and between France and England are as silly and Meaningless as how a person chooses to  crack an e.g. Once we make this connection, though, we face the question of why swift things that these conflicts are trivial and irrelevant after all politics, religion, and national identity would have vein considered the most important issues in swifts time and we continue to think of these things as important today. The answer to this questing is less obvious and the next does not give us simple expansion similar we may conclude these is no right or wrong way to worship god at least there is no way to prove that own way to prove that one way is right and another way is wrong.

          Swift makes a mockery of formal language by showing has it can be used to mask simple fears and desires such as the Lilliputians desired to eliminate the threat that Gulliver poses. The help that Gulliver gets from reldreasal is an illustration of a persisted motif in Gulliver’s travels the good person surrounded by a corrupt society.

          Swift makes a mockery of those who would try to demonstrate their exercise through convoluted language, attacks like this one, which are repeated elsewhere in the novel are part of swifts larger mission to criticize the validity of various are more shows than helpful, whether legal, naval, or as in the this voyage, scientific.

                   At the time that swift was writing Gulliver’s travels. However, technology that could accentuate these imperfect senses was burgeoning and Gulliver’s microscopic view of flies and flesh may be a reference to the relatively recent discovery of the microscope, the late seventeen century saw the first publication of books counting magnified images illustrating that various items, fleas, hair, skiing contained details and flaws that had previously been hidden Gulliver lives this microscopic experience directly, in a magnified world everything takes on new levels of complexity and imperfection, demonstrating that the truth about objections is heavily influenced by the observer’s perspective.

          Swift continues to satirize specialized language in his description of the technique used to move the island from one place to another. The method of assigning letters to parts of a mechanism and them describing the movement of these parts from one point to another resembles the mechanistic philosophical and scientific description of swift’s time. 

Name: Sumra Jitendra V

Class: - M.A. (English)

Semester: - 03

Roll no. – 16

Year: - 2012-201

Paper No: - 101

Paper Name: - The Renaissance Literature

Topic: “Analysis of any three poems by John Donne.”

                                                           Submitted to,

                                                           Dr. Dilip Barad,

                                                           Department of English,

                                                           M.K. Bhavnagar University

Introduction:-

          John Donne was born in London, most likely in early 1572. The history of John Donne’s reputation is quite unusual. He became famous for the beauty and power of his sermons. Almost none of his poetry was printed in his lifetime and when a first collected edition, including a number of daring love poems , appeared two years after his death, his son Denounced the book as a libel on the memory of a good and holy man, almost as if the poems were not Donne’s. His work has always had discerning admires but also too many readers and critics through the centuries. He was, if he existed at all, an odd presence. His intellectual knottiness, his stress on poetry as speech rather than song and his intense and irregular rhythms all regular a good deal of getting used to.

“The Dream”

          In John Donne’s poem “The Dream” by narrator is waken from a dream by the person who he claims to have been dreaming about like in the more popular Donne poem “The Flea” the narrator attempts to Cajole the woman into coming to bed with him by talking about the poetic conceit (The Dream, The Flea) and how it relates to them. Unlike in “The Flea” However, Donne uses some way complex imagery to describe the dream and the walking and to from his arguments for her staying.

          In “The Dream” he uses the feminine pronoun to describe the one who wakes the narrator, the imagery of an angel and the Cajoling tone all point to a feminine character. Because of this, Donne’s romantic reputation and his use of the female pronoun in other similar poems the following explication assumes that the unnamed person who wakens the narrator is a woman.

          This is a good example of none of Donne’s more erotic poems. It is playful in the sense that we have a sort of verbal foreplay situation; playful, but with a serious desire for sexual union afterwards. The poem teases us, too, as readers; is the poet going to get his wish? Or will he have to go to sleep again and just dream he is making love to his lady?

          The Dream poem plays with ideas of truth, sexual desire and dreams. He is clearly having an erotic dream when his lady fried wakes him for some reason, Is she going or Is she coming (to have sex) ? If the latter, then “My Dream thou brook’s not but continuer’s it. In other words, she can ‘make dreams truths’ so she is a true lover.

          This leads him to liken her to an angel. Angels appear in dreams are dressed inn white, as she would in her nightgown and we call our loved once angels. But angels have their limit. They cannot read people’s thoughts. She however, must before it reached its climax to prevent ‘excess of joy’ waking him instead. So she must be human after all, and not an angel.

          Then he wonders if that’s why she woke him – perhaps she was creeping away? That would be to allow thoughts of “Fear, Shame, Honer” to creep in and suggest “That love is weak” he then plays with the idea of light, as he did in “Truth and light” is seen as complementary. So she has come in truth to ‘ Kindle Light’ but of course, these words have sexual overtones; Torches are something of a phallic, symbol, ‘kindle’ suggests arousal and ‘coming’ and ‘die’ have colloquial meanings of intercourse. So in the end, he resolves his doubt with a win situation; either you go and I finish my dream of live making; or we really make love.

          The ultimate joke is, of course we don’t know if this is a real situation or just a fantasy one for the purposes of writing a poem. This is thus an excellent, its joyfulness, where the truths of dreams, literature and real life tease one other.

“Death Be Not Proud”

          John Donne’s “Death be not proud” present an argument against the power of Death. Addressing ‘Death’ as a person, the speaker warns Death against pride in his power. Such power is merely an illusion and the end Death thinks it brings to man and woman is in fact a rest from world weariness for its alleged. “victims” The poet criticizes Death as a slave to other forces; fate, chance, kings and desperate man, Death is not in control for a variety in taking lives even in the rest it brings. Death is inferior to drugs, finally the speaker predicts the end of death, and thou shalt die.”

          The first stanza focuses on the subject and audience of this poem death by addressing death. Donne makes it /him into a character through personification.  The poet wants death to avoid pride and reconsider its/his position as a “mighty and dreadful” force. He concludes the introductory argument of the first quatrain by declaring to death that those it claims to kill “Die not” and neither can the poet himself be stricken in this way.

The speaker tells Death that it should not feel proud for through some have called it “Mighty and Dreadful”, it is not those whom Death thinks it kills do not truly die, nor the speaker says, “ cant’s thou kill me.” Rest and sleep are pleasurable; thus, the speaker reason, Death itself must be even more so- indeed, it is the best men who go soonest to Death, to rest their bones and enjoy the delivery of their souls. Death, the speaker claims, is a slave to “fate, chance, kings, and desperate men” and is forced to dwell with war, poison, and sickness, the speaker says that poppies and magic charms can make men sleep as well as, or better than, Death’s stroke so why should Death swell with pride? Death is merely a short sleep, after which the Dead awake into eternal life where Death shall no longer exist; Death itself will die.                                                                            

“The Flea”

          The speaker tells his beloved to look at the Flea before them and to note “how little” is that thing that she denies him. For the Flea he says, has sucked first his blood, then her blood, so that now inside the flea. They are mingles and that mingling cannot be called sin or shame, or loss to maidenhead.” The flea has joined them together in a way that “Alas, is more than we would do.” As his beloved moves to kill the flea, the speaker stays her life and the flea’s own life. In the flea, he says, where their blood is mingled, they are almost married – no, more than married- and the flea is their marriage bed and marriage temple mixed into one. Though their parents grudge their romance and though she will not make love to him, they are nevertheless united and roistered in the living walls of the flea.

          She is apt to kill him he says, but he asks that she not kill herself by killing the flea that contains her blood. He says that to kill the flea would sacrilege “three sins in killing the flea that contains her blood he says that to kill the flea would be sacrilege, “three sins in killing three.” “Cruel and sudden,” the speaker calls his lover “purpling “her fingernail with the “blood of innocence.” The speaker asks his lover what the flea’s sin was other than having sucked from each of them a drop of blood. He says that his lover replies that neither of them is less noble for having killed the flea. It is true, he says and it is this very fact that proves that her fears are false; if she were to sleep with him, she would lose no more honor than she when she killed the flea.